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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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( )Tj
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(810)Tj
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(This is)Tj
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[(an impor)-19.9(tant issue to in)39.7(v)14.7(estigate, because)]TJ
T*
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[(dif)24.8(ferences in management practices can)]TJ
T*
[(af)24.8(fect herd-le)24.9(v)14.8(el BL)139.8(V pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence.)]TJ
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0 Tw
(10)Tj
10 0 0 10 28 363.4618 Tm
0.025 Tw
[(Additionall)24.9(y)84.9(,)0( this population is impor)-19.8(tant to)]TJ
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(11)Tj
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[(In 1996, 26.8% of co)39.8(w/calf)]TJ
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[(Ho)39.7(w)34.9(e)24.9(v)14.8(e)0.3(r)39.7(,)0( producers)]TJ
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[(patho)24.9(gens.)]TJ
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(12)Tj
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0.025 Tw
[(This ma)34.9(y be due to an ignorance)]TJ
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[(of the potential risk of patho)25(gen entr)-19.8(y or)]TJ
T*
[(inaccurac)14.8(y inherent in inter)-29.8(preting diagnos-)]TJ
T*
[(tic tests without accurate pre)24.9(v)24.8(alence data.)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(W)Tj
0.8941 0 TD
-0.0101 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(ithout kno)39.8(wing the sensiti)24.9(vity and speci-)]TJ
-0.8941 -1.21 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(f)Tj
0.3826 0 TD
-0.0101 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(icity of a diagnostic test and the pre)25(v)24.8(alence)]TJ
-0.3826 -1.21 TD
[(of disease, it is dif)24.9(f)-59.7(icult to inter)-29.8(pret a posi-)]TJ
T*
-0.0104 Tc
0.0253 Tw
[(ti)24.5(v)14.5(e)-0.3( or ne)14.5(gati)24.5(v)14.5(e)-0.3( result.)]TJ
5 0 0 5 114.7644 197.5307 Tm
-0.0101 Tc
0 Tw
(13)Tj
10 0 0 10 43 180.4619 Tm
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(This study therefore sought to deter)-20(mine)]TJ
-1.5 -1.21 TD
[(the pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence of BL)139.8(V in y)19.7(oung, purebred)]TJ
T*
-0.005 Tc
(beef bulls in Kansas and to identify geo-)Tj
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(g)Tj
0.5148 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(raphical dif)24.8(ferences within the state. )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F2 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 28 118.162 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0003 Tc
0 Tw
(MA)Tj
0 g
1.6477 0 TD
-0.0002 Tc
0.0113 Tw
[(TERIALS AND )-19.7(METHODS)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 28 101.162 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0.025 Tw
(Serum Samples )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 28 87.162 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(The United States Depar)Tj
0 g
9.8365 0 TD
(tment of)Tj
-9.8365 -1.2 TD
[(Ag)-19.8(riculture \(USD)39.7(A\) recei)24.8(v)14.8(es appro)19.7(ximatel)24.8(y)]TJ
T*
[(300,000 ser)-19.9(um samples from the state of)]TJ
T*
[(Kansas through the F)49.7(ederal Br)-19.9(ucellosis)]TJ
ET
1 g
225 639 180 -597.002 re
f
BT
10 0 0 10 226 631.0615 Tm
0 g
[(Eradication Pro)24.8(g)-19.9(ram \(personal oral commu-)]TJ
T*
[(nication, Don Ev)24.8(ans, D)69.8(VM, MS, USD)39.7(A,)]TJ
T*
[(No)44.8(v)14.8(ember 2000\). )49.7(These samples come from)]TJ
T*
[(routine testing of cattle from li)24.7(v)14.8(estock mar-)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(k)Tj
0.4852 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.0249 Tw
[(ets, slaughter f)-9.9(acilities, and pri)24.8(v)24.8(ate f)-9.9(a)0.3(r)-19.9(ms.)]TJ
-0.4852 -1.2 TD
-0.005 Tc
(All breeding bulls sold in Kansas must be)Tj
T*
-0.0051 Tc
[(sampled b)24.8(y)0( an accredited v)14.8(eterinarian and)]TJ
T*
(tested for )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 i
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0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F5 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 265.9284 547.0615 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(Brucella a)Tj
0 g
4.1484 0 TD
0 Tw
(bortis)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 330.4472 547.0615 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.005 Tc
0.025 Tw
(. F)Tj
0 g
1.0161 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
[(or this study)84.9(,)]TJ
-11.4608 -1.2 TD
[(all ser)-19.9(um samples recei)24.8(v)14.8(ed b)24.8(y)0( the USD)39.7(A)]TJ
T*
[(from y)19.7(oung \(less than 2 y)19.6(ears of age\), pure-)]TJ
T*
-0.005 Tc
(bred beef bulls for sale in Kansas during)Tj
T*
-0.0051 Tc
[(2001 w)34.8(e)0.1(re se)14.8(g)-19.9(r)0.3(e)14.8(g)4.8(ated after br)-19.9(ucellosis test-)]TJ
T*
(ing, frozen at 20C, and sent to Kansas)Tj
T*
[(State Uni)24.8(v)14.8(ersity for storage at -80C within)]TJ
T*
(3 months of submission.)Tj
1.5 -1.37 TD
[(Indi)24.8(vidual samples w)34.8(ere identif)-59.9(ied with)]TJ
-1.5 -1.22 TD
[(a sample number)54.8(. Data w)34.8(ere a)34.8(v)24.8(ailab)19.7(le on)]TJ
T*
[(breed)59.7(, age, county of origin, and g)-19.9(roup)]TJ
T*
[(number)39.7(, w)19.7(hich w)24.8(as recorded b)24.8(y)0( the submit-)]TJ
T*
[(ting v)14.8(eterinarian. )49.7(The g)-19.8(roup number identi-)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(f)Tj
0.3876 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.0249 Tw
[(ied a g)-19.9(roup of samples that w)34.8(ere recei)24.8(v)14.8(e)0(d)]TJ
-0.3876 -1.22 TD
-0.0299 Tc
0 Tw
(by)Tj
0.965 0 TD
( )Tj
0.2699 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(the USD)39.7(A b)24.8(y)0( a single v)14.8(eterinarian on a)]TJ
-1.235 -1.22 TD
[(single da)34.8(y)84.9(.)-0.1( )]TJ
1.5 -1.37 TD
[(Se)24.8(v)14.8(en hundred se)24.8(v)14.8(enty-f)-59.9(i)25(v)14.8(e)0( samples)]TJ
-1.5 -1.22 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(w)Tj
0.682 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(ere randoml)24.8(y selected from the 2,520 sam-)]TJ
-0.682 -1.22 TD
(ples using the random number generator in)Tj
T*
[(Microsoft Excel \(Microsoft\). It w)24.8(as deter-)]TJ
T*
(mined that random testing of 775 samples)Tj
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(w)Tj
0.6771 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(ould allo)39.7(w the deter)-19.9(mination of state)24.8(wide)]TJ
-0.6771 -1.22 TD
[(pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence, with a 2% conf)-60(idence width at a)]TJ
T*
[(95% conf)-59.9(idence inter)-19.9(v)24.8(al. F)49.7(or these calcula-)]TJ
T*
[(tions, an assumed pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence of 10.3% w)24.8(a)0.1(s)]TJ
T*
[(used)59.7(, as repor)-19.9(ted in beef herds.)]TJ
5 0 0 5 349.3546 243.9303 Tm
-0.005 Tc
0 Tw
(10 )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 226 221.4616 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(La)Tj
0 g
1.1572 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(bor)9.7(atory Methods )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 226 207.2616 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(Samples w)Tj
0 g
4.3052 0 TD
(ere stored at 80C until all 2,520)Tj
-4.3052 -1.22 TD
[(samples from 2001 w)34.8(ere recei)24.8(v)14.8(ed. Groups)]TJ
T*
[(of 60 w)34.8(e)0.1(re remo)44.8(v)14.8(ed from storage three)]TJ
T*
[(times w)34.8(eekl)24.8(y)0( until all 775 samples w)34.8(ere)]TJ
T*
[(tested. Samples w)34.8(ere tha)39.7(w)34.9(ed at room tem-)]TJ
T*
[(perature and tested for antibody to BL)139.7(V)]TJ
T*
[(using an agar gel immunodif)24.7(fusion \(A)39.6(GID\))]TJ
T*
[(assa)34.8(y on the same da)34.8(y as tha)39.7(wing.)]TJ
5 0 0 5 363.0018 125.3304 Tm
0 Tw
(14)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 226 102.8616 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0002 Tc
0 Tw
(Geo)Tj
0 g
1.7119 0 TD
-0.0001 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(gr)9.7(aphical Str)9.7(atif)-39.9(ication )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 226 88.6617 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(Kansas w)Tj
0 g
3.8195 0 TD
[(as di)24.8(vided into nor)-19.9(th \(NH\) and)]TJ
-3.8195 -1.22 TD
[(south \(SH\) halv)14.8(es using county lines as the)]TJ
T*
[(di)24.8(vision. Similarl)24.8(y)84.9(,)0( the state w)24.8(as di)24.8(vided)]TJ
T*
[(into a w)34.8(ester)-19.9(n half \(WH\) and easter)-19.9(n half)]TJ
ET
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Q
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0 666 m
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/F1 1 Tf
11.5 0 0 11.5 393.8493 26.4631 Tm
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(217)Tj
ET
1 g
36 639 180 -594.002 re
f
Q
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/F3 1 Tf
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(\(EH\). )Tj
0 g
2.4435 0 TD
0.025 Tw
[(The halv)14.8(es w)34.8(ere appro)19.7(ximatel)24.8(y equal)]TJ
-2.4435 -1.22 TD
[(in geo)24.8(g)-19.9(raphic size. )49.7(The state w)24.8(as also di)24.8(vid-)]TJ
T*
[(ed into four appro)19.6(ximatel)24.8(y equall)24.8(y sized)]TJ
T*
[(quadrants \(Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4\), using the di)24.7(vi-)]TJ
T*
[(sion lines that w)34.8(ere utilized for di)24.8(viding the)]TJ
T*
[(state into halv)14.8(es. )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
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0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F4 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 37 355.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(Statistical )Tj
0 g
4.4105 0 TD
[(Anal)19.7(ysis )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 37 341.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0052 Tc
0 Tw
(State)Tj
0 g
1.9494 0 TD
0.0252 Tw
[(wide, NH, SH, )29.8(WH, EH, Q1, Q2, Q3,)]TJ
-1.9494 -1.2 TD
0.025 Tw
[(and Q4 pre)24.8(v)24.8(alences w)34.8(ere deter)-19.9(mined b)24.8(y)0( cal-)]TJ
T*
[(culating the propor)-19.9(tion of positi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0( samples)]TJ
T*
[(within the population tested. Pre)24.7(v)24.8(alence for)]TJ
T*
[(NH v)14.8(ersus SH and )29.7(WH v)14.8(ersus EH w)34.8(ere)]TJ
T*
[(compared using an unw)34.8(eighted lo)24.8(gistic)]TJ
T*
[(re)14.8(g)-19.9(ression model, with the outcome cor)-30(re-)]TJ
T*
[(sponding to the presence or absence of BL)139.7(V)]TJ
T*
[(antibodies. Pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence w)24.8(as also compared)]TJ
T*
[(betw)34.8(een quadrants \(Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4\) using)]TJ
T*
[(an unw)34.8(eighted lo)24.8(gistic re)14.8(g)-19.9(ression model.)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(F)Tj
0.5011 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(or all anal)24.8(yses, v)24.8(alues of )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
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0 666 m
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
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/F5 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 142.4807 209.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
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(P)Tj
ET
Q
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1 i
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0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 148.5391 209.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.005 Tc
0.025 Tw
(< .05 w)Tj
0 g
3.016 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
(ere con-)Tj
-14.1699 -1.2 TD
[(sidered signif)-59.9(icant. )49.7(The statistical softw)24.8(are)]TJ
T*
[(Statistix7 \(Anal)24.8(ytical Softw)24.8(are\) w)24.8(as used)]TJ
T*
[(for all statistical anal)24.7(ysis.)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 i
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0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F2 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 37 149.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(RESUL)Tj
0 g
2.8926 0 TD
-0.0002 Tc
(TS )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 i
-9 675 459 -684 re
0 666 m
W n
0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 37 135.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(A total of 2,520 samples from y)Tj
0 g
12.7219 0 TD
-0.005 Tc
(oung, pure-)Tj
-12.7219 -1.2 TD
[(bred beef bulls w)34.9(ere collected b)24.9(y)0.1( the USD)39.8(A)]TJ
T*
-0.0051 Tc
(in Kansas during 2001. Of the 775 samples)Tj
T*
[(randoml)24.8(y selected and tested for BL)139.7(V from)]TJ
T*
[(this population, 66 samples w)34.8(ere positi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0(,)]TJ
T*
[(resulting in a state)24.8(wide pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence of 8.5%)]TJ
T*
-0.005 Tc
[(\(T)79.9(ab)19.8(le 1\). )49.7(The distribution of samples w)24.9(a)0.2(s)]TJ
T*
-0.0051 Tc
(520 cattle tested in the NH and 255 samples)Tj
ET
1 g
234 639 180 -594.002 re
f
BT
10 0 0 10 235 433.0624 Tm
0 g
[(tested in the SH \(T)79.7(ab)19.7(le 1\). )49.7(The dif)24.8(ference in)]TJ
T*
[(BL)139.8(V pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence betw)34.8(een NH \(6.9%\) and)]TJ
T*
[(SH \(11.8%\) w)24.8(as signif)-59.9(icant \()]TJ
ET
Q
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/F5 1 Tf
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(P)Tj
ET
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0 666 m
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0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(= .02\). In the)Tj
0 g
-12.5051 -1.2 TD
[(EH, 53 of 468 samples w)34.8(ere positi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0.1( for)]TJ
T*
[(BL)139.8(V and of 307 samples tested in the )29.6(WH,)]TJ
T*
[(13 w)34.8(ere positi)24.8(v)14.8(e. Pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence of BL)139.8(V w)24.8(a)0.1(s)]TJ
T*
[(signif)-59.9(icantl)24.8(y \()]TJ
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/GS1 gs
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0 Tw
(P )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 g
0.8758 0 TD
0 Tc
()Tj
ET
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0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(.001\) higher for EH than)Tj
0 g
-7.2559 -1.2 TD
[(for )29.7(WH \(T)79.7(ab)19.7(le 1\). Quadrants 1 through 4)]TJ
T*
[(had pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence v)24.8(alues of 4.7%, 9.1%, 2.0%,)]TJ
T*
[(and 14.2%, respecti)24.8(v)14.8(e)0.2(l)24.8(y)84.9(. )49.7(The dif)24.8(ference in)]TJ
T*
[(BL)139.8(V pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence among quadrants w)24.8(as sig-)]TJ
T*
[(nif)-59.9(icant, with Q4 signif)-60(icantl)24.8(y \()]TJ
ET
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1 i
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0 666 m
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
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/F5 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 361.6459 301.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
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0 Tw
(P )Tj
ET
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
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/F6 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 370.4044 301.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
()Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 g
0.8138 0 TD
-0.0051 Tc
(.001\))Tj
-14.3543 -1.2 TD
0.025 Tw
(higher than Q1 and Q3 \()Tj
ET
Q
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1 i
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0 666 m
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
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/F5 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 332.5665 289.0624 Tm
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0 Tw
(P)Tj
ET
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0 666 m
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
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/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 341.325 289.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.0251 Tw
(= .04\). BL)Tj
0 g
4.0347 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(V)Tj
-14.6672 -1.2 TD
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(pre)24.8(v)24.8(a)0(lence among Q1, Q2, and Q3 w)34.8(ere not)]TJ
T*
[(signif)-59.9(icantl)24.8(y dif)24.8(ferent.)]TJ
ET
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/F2 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 235 241.0624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0001 Tc
0 Tw
(DISCUSSION)Tj
ET
Q
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0 666 m
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
W n
BT
/F3 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 235 226.4624 Tm
0 0 0 1 k
/GS1 gs
-0.0051 Tc
0.025 Tw
(Results of this study indicate that y)Tj
0 g
13.9983 0 TD
-0.005 Tc
0 Tw
(oung,)Tj
-13.9983 -1.26 TD
0.0249 Tw
[(beef bulls purchased in Kansas ma)34.9(y be)]TJ
T*
-0.0051 Tc
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(e)Tj
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-0.0051 Tc
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-0.424 -1.26 TD
[(The study population w)24.8(as a randoml)24.8(y)]TJ
T*
[(selected subset of all y)19.6(oung, purebred beef)]TJ
T*
-0.005 Tc
[(bulls that w)34.9(ere sold within Kansas for)]TJ
T*
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T*
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(y)Tj
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T*
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T*
(represent the entire population of beef cattle)Tj
T*
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T*
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[(ol. 2, No)34.8(. 3, 2004 )-500.1(Intern J )59.7(Appl Res )74.9(V)140(et Med)]TJ
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(-)Tj
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T*
[(beef co)39.8(ws in Kansas, but not the total num-)]TJ
T*
-0.0051 Tc
[(ber of bo)44.8(vines.)]TJ
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(15)Tj
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[(This w)24.8(as e)14.8(xpected)59.7(, gi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0(n)]TJ
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[(that the feedlot industr)-19.9(y is concentrated)]TJ
T*
[(within cer)-19.9(tain areas of the state. )]TJ
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[(There w)34.8(ere statistical dif)24.8(ferences in)]TJ
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T*
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T*
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(within the United States.)Tj
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(10)Tj
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(This study identi-)Tj
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(f)Tj
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-0.3876 -1.21 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
-0.005 Tc
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T*
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[(purchased from the easter)-19.9(n par)-19.9(t of Kansas)]TJ
T*
-0.005 Tc
[(than if the bull is purchased from the w)34.9(est-)]TJ
T*
-0.0051 Tc
[(er)-19.9(n par)-19.9(t of Kansas. )]TJ
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0.0049 Tc
[(This study w)24.9(as not designed to identify)]TJ
-1.5 -1.18 TD
[(the cause of pre)24.9(v)24.8(alence dif)24.8(ferences.)]TJ
T*
[(Ho)39.7(w)34.9(e)25(v)14.8(e)0.3(r)39.7(,)0( insects ha)34.9(v)14.8(e)0( been incriminated in)]TJ
T*
[(transmitting BL)139.9(V in cattle.)]TJ
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(1)Tj
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0.0049 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(There are en)39.8(vi-)]TJ
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[(ronmental dif)24.9(ferences within Kansas that)]TJ
T*
[(could influence the type or quantity of v)14.9(e)0.2(c-)]TJ
T*
[(tors ab)19.7(le to car)-29.8(r)-19.6(y)-0.1( BL)139.8(V)199.9(.)0( If this is the case,)]TJ
T*
[(more rigorous v)14.9(ector)19.7(-control pro)24.9(g)-19.9(rams)]TJ
T*
[(could decrease BL)139.9(V pre)24.8(v)24.8(alence in these)]TJ
T*
[(areas. Prolonged ph)29.8(ysical contact with)]TJ
T*
(infected cattle has been implicated as a risk)Tj
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(f)Tj
0.3475 0 TD
0.0049 Tc
0.025 Tw
[(actor for BL)139.9(V transmission.)]TJ
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0 Tc
0 Tw
(1)Tj
10 0 0 10 149.6832 205.662 Tm
0.0049 Tc
0.025 Tw
(In Kansas,)Tj
-12.1683 -1.18 TD
[(the w)34.9(ester)-19.8(n par)-19.8(t of the state generall)24.9(y has)]TJ
T*
[(lo)39.7(w)34.9(er beef co)39.7(w stocking densities than)]TJ
T*
[(does the easter)-19.8(n par)-19.8(t of the state. )49.8(This is)]TJ
T*
[(primaril)24.8(y due to the dr)-19.8(y)19.7(er en)39.7(vironment and)]TJ
T*
[(dif)24.8(fering pasture forage. Stocking density)]TJ
T*
[(could pla)34.9(y a role in the ability of BL)139.9(V to)]TJ
T*
(transfer from animal to animal. If so, the)Tj
T*
[(higher stocking density could be a f)-9.8(actor in)]TJ
T*
[(the increased pre)24.9(v)24.8(alence. )54.9(Additional study)]TJ
T*
[(is needed to identify risk f)-9.8(actors in specif)-59.8(ic)]TJ
T*
[(geo)24.8(g)-19.9(raphical areas for BL)139.9(V)199.9(,)0( thus allo)39.8(wing)]TJ
T*
(for the potential to mitigate or manage)Tj
T*
(such risks. )Tj
ET
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225 639 180 -594.002 re
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BT
10 0 0 10 241 631.0615 Tm
0 g
-0.0151 Tc
[(Based on results of this study)84.9(, it is recom-)]TJ
-1.5 -1.2 TD
(mended that producers purchasing cattle con-)Tj
T*
-0.015 Tc
[(sider y)19.8(oung, purebred beef bulls as a)]TJ
T*
-0.0151 Tc
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T*
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0 Tw
(y)Tj
0.4652 0 TD
-0.015 Tc
0.0249 Tw
[(oung, purebred beef bulls being positi)24.9(v)14.9(e)0.2( for)]TJ
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T*
[(cal re)14.9(gion from w)19.8(hich the bull is being pur-)]TJ
T*
-0.0151 Tc
(chased. Beef herds could already contain)Tj
T*
[(cattle that are positi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0( for BL)139.8(V)199.9(.)0( If this is the)]TJ
T*
[(case, the addition of another positi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0( animal)]TJ
T*
0.0251 Tw
[(ma)34.7(y increase the e)14.7(xposure rate for ne)14.7(gati)24.7(v)14.7(e)]TJ
T*
[(animals in the herd. Purchasing a BL)139.8(V)129.9(-posi-)]TJ
T*
[(ti)24.8(v)14.8(e)0( b)-5(ull also )]TJ
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(increases the lik)Tj
6.2266 0 TD
(elihood)Tj
3.1445 0 TD
-0.0251 Tc
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-14.6018 -1.2 TD
-0.0248 Tc
0.0247 Tw
[(bull de)25.1(v)15.1(eloping )]TJ
6.1141 0 TD
(l)Tj
0.2281 0 TD
-0.0251 Tc
(ymphosarcoma.)Tj
6.239 0 TD
-0.0151 Tc
0.025 Tw
(Although the)Tj
-12.5812 -1.2 TD
[(lik)9.7(elihood of a BL)139.8(V)129.9(-positi)24.8(v)14.8(e)0( animal de)24.8(v)14.8(elop-)]TJ
T*
[(ing l)24.8(ymphosarcoma is small, this considera-)]TJ
T*
[(tion ma)34.8(y be impor)-19.9(tant depending on attitudes)]TJ
T*
-0.015 Tc
(of the producer and cost of the bull.)Tj
5 0 0 5 364.9713 430.5303 Tm
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(1.)Tj
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(Hopkins SG, DiGiacomo RF: Natural transmis-)Tj
0 -1.1125 TD
[(sion of bo)44.8(vine leuk)9.7(emia vir)-19.9(us in dair)-19.9(y and beef)]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(cattle. )Tj
ET
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0.0249 Tw
[(et Clin North )59.6(Am: F)104.9(ood )59.6(Anim Pr)44.8(act)]TJ
ET
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(1997;)Tj
0 g
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0.025 Tw
[(2.)-520.1(Thur)-19.9(mond MC, Holmber)17.6(g CA, Picanso JP:)]TJ
1.25 -1.1125 TD
[(Antibodies to bo)44.7(vine leuk)9.6(emia vir)-19.9(us and presence)]TJ
T*
[(of malignant l)24.7(ymphoma in slaughtered Califor)-20(nia)]TJ
T*
[(dair)-19.9(y cattle. )]TJ
ET
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-0.0101 Tc
0.025 Tw
(J Natl Cancer Inst)Tj
ET
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0.06 666.06 441 -666 re
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